The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a guideline for writing and documenting sources. In addition to rules for presenting information, the guideline also contains rules for physical formatting of the work and the documentation of sources if the author has relied on them to construct the work. Documentation includes acknowledgements in the body of the work (in-text citations, footnotes/endnotes, and narrative citations) and formal listing of the source in a Bibliography section of the work (bibliographic citation). Each type of acknowledgment consists of correct placement of specific information in a specific order using specific physical formatting.
Think of this CMoS Citation Guide as a box filled with documentation recipes for all kinds of sources–books, magazines, websites, professional journals, and more.
The formatting for a bibliographic listing and footnotes/endnotes shown below adheres to the following guidelines:
- Citations in the bibliography are listed alphabetically by the first-named author’s last name, and the entire citation uses a hanging indent (second and subsequent lines for a source’s bibliographic information are indented one-half (1/2) inch).
- Footnotes are sequentially numbered and appear on the same page as the content you are citing. In the actual footnote, its number precedes the author name. The first line of the footnote is indented five (5) spaces. Footnotes may include additional information, not just a citation.
- Endnotes, on the other hand, include only bibliographic information and appear at the end of the text, rather than within it. They are formatted in the same way as Footnotes.
Book (Basic)
The methods shown in the samples below use numbered footnotes and bibliography entries. For books that are not reprints and do not have editors or corporate publishers, the most obvious ingredients that distinguish one “recipe” from another are the type of source and number of individual authors.
One Author
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. Title of work. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Gumperz, John. J. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
1. John J. Gumperz, Discourse Strategies (Cambridge University Press,1982), 100-105.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
1. Gumperz, Discourse Strategies, 100-105.
Narrative citation:
Gumperz ….FootnoteNumber
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Two to Six Authors
Bibliography Formula (list up to 6 Authors):
Last name1, First name1, First name2 Last name2, and First name3 Last name3. Title of work. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Collins, James, and Richard Blot. Literacy and Literacies: Texts, Power, and Identity. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Numbered Footnote Formula (2 Authors):
Footnote#. AuthorLast Name, FirstName, and Author Full Name, Title (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
2. Collins, James, and Richard Blot, Literacy and Literacies: Texts, Power, and Identity. (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 87.
Shortened Note Formula (2 Authors):
Footnote#. AuthorLastName and AuthorLastName, Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
2. Collins and Blot, Literacy and Literacies, 87.
Numbered Footnote Formula (3 or more Authors)
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, First Name, et al., Title (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
2. Collins, James, et al., Literacy and Literacies: Texts, Power, and Identity. (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 87.
Shortened Note Formula (3 or more Authors):
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, et al., Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
2. Collins, et al., Literacy and Literacies, 87.
Narrative citation (2 Authors):
Collins and Blot ….FootnoteNumber
Narrative citation (3 or more Authors):
Collins, et al. ….FootnoteNumber
==========
Seven or More Authors
Bibliography Formula (7 or more Authors):
Last name1, First name1, First name2 Last name2, First name3 Last name3, et al. . Title of work. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Smith, James, Jane Jones, Richard Bones, et al. Short Form Documentation Methodology. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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Online Book
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. Title of work. Publisher, Year. URL
Example:
Martin George R.R. Game of Thrones. Bantam Books, 1996. http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Game_of_Thrones.html?id=btpIkZ7X6egC.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), URL
Example:
3. George R.R. Martin, Game of Thrones. (Bantam Books, 1996), http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Game_of_Thrones.html?id=btpIkZ7X6egC.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, Short Title, URL or database.
Example:
3. Martin, Game of Thrones, http://books.google.com/books/about/A_Game_of_Thrones.html?id=btpIkZ7X6egC.
Narrative citation:
Martin ….FootnoteNumber
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Books (Edited, Reprinted, Corporate)
Entry (or Chapter) in an Edited Book
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of Work, edited by EditorFirstName LastName, ##-##. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Gumperz, John J. “Interviewing in Intercultural Situations.” In Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings, edited by Paul Drew and John Heritage, 302-327. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, “Chapter Title,” in Book Title, ed. EditorName (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
4. John J. Gumperz, “Interviewing in Intercultural Situations,” in Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings, ed. Paul Drew and John Heritage (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 302-307.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
4. Gumperz, “Interviewing in Intercultural Situations,” 302-307.
Narrative citation:
Gumperz ….FootnoteNumber
==========
Reprinted or Translated Book
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. Title of Work, Translated/Edited by Translator/EditorFirstName LastName, Year. Reprint, Publisher, Year.
Example:
Ogden, C.K., I.A. Richards, and W.T Gordon. The Meaning of Meaning. Translated by U. Eco. 1923. Reprint, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, Book Title, edition (if applicable), ed./trans. EditorName (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
5. Charles K. Ogden, Ivor A. Richards, and W.T. Gordon, The Meaning of Meaning, trans. Umberto Eco 1923. Reprint (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989), 210-212.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
5. Ogden, et al., Meaning of Meaning, 210-212.
Narrative citation:
Ogden, Richards, and Gordon ….FootnoteNumber
==========
Corporate Author
Bibliography Formula:
Company Name. Title of work. Publisher, Year.
Example:
Vantage Learning. MY Access!® User’s Guide. Vantage Technologies, 2006.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, Title (Publisher, Year), ##-##.
Example:
1. Vantage Learning. MY Access!® User’s Guide. (Vantage Technologies, 2006), 25-37.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, Short Title, ##-##.
Example:
1. Vantage Learning, MY Access!®, 25-37.
Narrative citation:
Vantage Learning ….FootnoteNumber
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Article (Journal/Periodical, Database, Online Journal)
Articles in journals and other periodicals that use volume/issue numbering should not include the word “volume” but should include the abbreviation for number (no.) to denote an issue number.
Article in a Scholarly Journal or Periodical
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal volume#, no. issue# (Year): ##-##.
Example:
Valencia S.W. “Inside English/Language Arts Standards: What’s in a Grade?.” Reading Research Quarterly 36, no. 2 (2001): 202-217.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, “Article Title,” Journal Name vol. number, issue no. # (Year): ##-##.
Example:
6. Sheila W. Valencia, “Inside English/Language Arts Standards: What’s in a Grade?,” Reading Research Quarterly 36 no. 2 (2001): 202.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, “Short Title,” ##-##.
Example:
6. Valencia, “Inside English,” 202.
Narrative citation:
Valencia ….FootnoteNumber
==========
Article in an Online Periodical (also in print)
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. “Title.” Magazine / Journal / Newspaper title vol#, no. issue# (Year): pages. DOI or URL.
Example:
McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27, no. 8 (2001): 415-422. doi: 0360-0572/01/0811-0415S.
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, “Title,” Journal title vol#, no. issue#, (Publication Season Year): #, OR stable DOI OR URL OR Database name (identification number).
Example:
7. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27, no. 8 (2001): 415, doi: 0360-0572/01/0811-0415S.
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, “Short Title,” ##-##.
Example:
7. McPherson, et al., “Birds of a Feather,” 415 (and/or) URL or doi: 0360-0572/01/0811-0415S.
Narrative citation:
McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook ….FootnoteNumber
==========
Article in a Database
Bibliography Formula:
Last name, First name. “Title of work.” Journal vol #, no. issue# (Year). ##-## OR URL OR Database Name (identification number).
Example:
Levin, Stephen M., Kann, Elizabeth P., and Lax, Michael B. “Medical Examinatin for Asbestos Related Disease.” American Journal of Medicine 37, no. 1 (1999). PubMed (10573594).
Numbered Footnote Formula:
Footnote#. Author, “Title,” Journal title vol number, issue no. #, (Publication Season Year): #, OR stable DOI OR URL OR Database name (identification number).
Example:
8. Stephen M. Levin, P. Elizabeth Kann, MD, and Michael B. Lax, MD, “Medical Examination for Asbestos Related Disease,” American Journal Medicine 37 no. 1 (1999): PubMed (10573594).
Shortened Note Formula:
Footnote#. AuthorLastName, “Short Title,” ##-##.
Example:
8. Levin, et al., “Medical Examination,” PubMed (10573594).
Narrative citation:
Levin, Kann, and Lax ….FootnoteNumber